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現(xiàn)代科研的興起

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  今天先講個論文故事,然后討論下科研領(lǐng)域正在發(fā)生的信息化過程。
  2015年,在美國國家科學(xué)院院刊(也就是PNAS)上發(fā)表了一篇論文,題目翻譯過來是提升中的21世紀(jì)中年非拉美裔美國白人的患病率與死亡率。文章對比了1999年到2013年美國非拉美裔白人及拉美裔白人及六個發(fā)達(dá)國家(包括法國、德國、英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、瑞典)45到54歲人群的死亡率,發(fā)現(xiàn)只有非拉美裔美國白人的死亡率是在上升的,在進(jìn)一步分析了死亡原因后,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)毒品、酒精中毒、自殺還有慢性肝硬化可能主導(dǎo)這種上升,同時教育水平越低,上升比例越快。
  這是一篇對左派跟右派都有利的文章,左派認(rèn)為是這些年福利政策減弱與傳統(tǒng)宗教價值觀的復(fù)興造成的,加上這一段算是共和黨小布什的主要執(zhí)政期,自然鍋是右派的。有意思的是,右派看到這個學(xué)習(xí)后也發(fā)話稱這個鍋恰恰是因為白人藍(lán)領(lǐng)對工作、信仰還有家庭觀念的缺失,而這個恰恰是傳統(tǒng)宗教價值觀所倡導(dǎo)的。好了我們不看左右互搏了,解釋怎么來都行,但現(xiàn)象總該沒問題吧?
  有問題。文章發(fā)表不久,知名話癆兼統(tǒng)計學(xué)家 Andrew Gelman 教授 在自己博客上對這個學(xué)習(xí)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了重新分析,其實說“重新分析”是書面說法,真實的情況是對這一組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了校正。因為 Gelman 教授注意到了一個簡單到不能再簡單的問題:你這個死亡率沒有對年齡分布進(jìn)行校正。
  原始數(shù)據(jù):

  我來解釋下這個校正,舉例來說我有100個人年齡段在45到54歲,那么在這個15年的學(xué)習(xí)時間段里,每一年進(jìn)入這個年齡段的人數(shù)應(yīng)該是差不多一樣的才好跟其他的地方去比。但恰恰這個年齡段包括了二戰(zhàn)后的嬰兒潮,也就是說,每年這個死亡率的基數(shù)在變,該年齡段整體平均年齡被拖大了,按照自然規(guī)律,年齡大本來就死亡率高。所以應(yīng)該對每一年的數(shù)據(jù)除以其人數(shù),也就是認(rèn)為這個年齡段的人數(shù)應(yīng)該差不多才合適。
  校正后數(shù)據(jù):

  額,從這個結(jié)果上看那個上升趨勢就不明顯了。
  Gelman 教授進(jìn)一步分析了其他國家數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)其他國家同年齡段死亡率校正后還是一直下跌,那么美國非拉美裔中年白人比較詭異的死亡率確實是存在的,也就是說原文主要結(jié)論沒啥問題。然后Gelman 教授又想到會不會性別上有差異?然后得到了下面這個圖:

  感情白人男性其實沒怎么變,女性死亡率倒是一直在提高。然后Gelman 教授又計算了一下相對死亡率,用1999年為基準(zhǔn),看了下不同年齡段的分布:

  結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅僅45-54歲女性非拉美裔白人死亡率在上升,35-44歲這個年齡段也在上升。那么問題來了,為什么當(dāng)初不去說這個年齡段呢?會不會原文屬于一種發(fā)表歧視呢?也就是說對比了半天終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個顯著的,而其實如果在處理數(shù)據(jù)時男女分開,這篇報道的題目會不會就成了“35-54歲女性非拉美裔白人死亡率在上升”呢?
  其實我講這個故事對這個論文事實興趣不大,我很好奇的是為什么這樣的評論是以博客的形式出現(xiàn)的。傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)界的交流一般依賴期刊論文與會議,但是動輒幾個月的審稿時間是不是對成果交流的一種阻礙呢?誠然學(xué)術(shù)界絕大多數(shù)是要依賴出版物來獲取聲望,但其實有時候很多博客評論的深度與廣度可能并不比3-5個審稿人的審稿意見低。
  回到這個案例,原論文的作者在另一個科學(xué)博客里回應(yīng)了質(zhì)疑,她聲稱學(xué)習(xí)過程中確實也考察了性別影響,但沒有使用相對死亡率,為了不讓讀者被一大堆圖表覆蓋就沒放到文章里。同時針對Gelman教授的論點,她重新分析后認(rèn)為吸煙與否對這個年齡段男性女性死亡率差異起了重要貢獻(xiàn)。但是她又說了如下的話:
  We spent a year working on this paper, sweating out every number, sweating out over what we were doing, and then to see people blogging about it in real time — that’s not the way science really gets done. . . . And so it’s a little hard for us to respond to all of the blog posts that are coming out. . . . And if this is all people shooting from the hip, I don’t think that’s any way to move science forward, to move the research forward.
  也就是說,你們博客評論太草根,懶得理你。但數(shù)據(jù)的產(chǎn)生者或科學(xué)問題的提出者不應(yīng)該同時也要是問題的正確解決者,有時候提供一個視角就很好了?闪私釭elman教授的人應(yīng)該清楚,其哥倫比亞大學(xué)資深話嘮身份不是白拿的,他馬上就在博客上回應(yīng)了這樣一封應(yīng)該來自作者的虛構(gòu)的信來表明博客這種交流方式其實也應(yīng)該被科研人員尊敬而不是故作清高姿態(tài):
  We spent a year working on this paper, sweating out every number, sweating out over what we were doing, and we’re happy to see see people blogging about it in real time.
  We very much appreciate the effort put in by Laudan Aron, Lisa Dubay, Elaine Waxman, and Steven Martin, Philip Cohen, and Andrew Gelman to uncover the aggregation bias in our analysis, to correct for that bias, and to explore subtleties that we did not have a chance to get into in our paper. As Gelman noted, these corrections are in no way a debunking of our work—our comparisons of non-Hispanic American whites to groups in other countries and other ethnic groups still stand.
  We think it’s great that, after our paper was published in PNAS, it was possible to get rapid feedback. Had it not been for bloggers, we’d still be in the awkward situation of people trying to trying to explain an increase in death rates which isn’t actually happening. We join Paul Krugman and Ross Douthat in thanking these bloggers for their unpaid efforts on the behalf of everyone interested in this research. We count ourselves lucky to live in an era in which mistakes can be corrected rapidly, so that we and others do not have to wait months or even years for published corrections which themselves could contain further errors.
  As economists, we recognize that research work is always provisional, and that anyone studying the real world of human interactions has to accept that mistakes are part of the process. It is only through the efforts of our entire research community—publishing in journals, publishing in blogs, through informal conversations, whatever—that we move toward the truth. We always considered our PNAS paper to be just a single step in this process and we are glad that others have taken the trouble to correct some of our biases and omissions.
  Again, we thank the many researchers who have taken a careful look at our analyses. It’s good to know that our main findings are not affected by the corrections, we welcome further research in this area, and we hope that future discussion of our work, both in the scientific literature and in the popular press, make use of the corrected, age-adjusted trends.
  – Sincerely, Anne Case and Angus Deaton
  P.S. We have heard some people criticize the researchers noted above because they published their work in blogs rather than in peer-reviewed journals. We would never make such a silly, uninformed criticism. Since appearing in print, our work has received a huge amount of publicity. And, to the extent that we made mistakes or did not happen to explain ourselves clearly enough, it is the responsibility of others to publish their corrections and explanations as rapidly as possible. Blogs are a great way to do this. Blogs, unlike newspaper interviews, allow unlimited space to develop arguments and to present graphs of data. And we are of course aware that peer-reviewed journals make mistakes too. We published our paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a journal that last year published a notorious paper on himmicanes and hurricanes, another discredited paper claiming certain behavior by people whose ages end in 9, and another paper on demographics which neglected to apply a basic age adjustment. So, yes, publication in journals is fine, but we very much welcome researchers who are willing to stick out their necks and correct the record in real time on blogs.
  當(dāng)然,Gelman教授的火爆脾氣自然也會招來一些不滿,但是我認(rèn)為有些觀點是很有益處的。
  博客,作為一種快速的回應(yīng)方式,理應(yīng)被尊重,因為科學(xué)發(fā)展就是要依賴這樣的過程才能快速進(jìn)步。說白了,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)不再是躲在黑暗小實驗室里的勤勉鉆研,更應(yīng)該是一個交流碰撞的過程。最近幾年,預(yù)印本服務(wù)器已經(jīng)在物理、計算機跟生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域大力發(fā)展,很多科研報道的記者跟前沿課題組都盯著。同時,基于博客還有微博(當(dāng)然不是你熟悉的那個娛樂版)對科研成果的討論也逐漸成為一種風(fēng)氣。數(shù)據(jù)共享、媒體傳播、在線學(xué)術(shù)檔案也逐漸成為青年科學(xué)家累積學(xué)術(shù)聲譽、尋找業(yè)界合作的方法。嚴(yán)肅的學(xué)術(shù)討論可以發(fā)生在任何地方,態(tài)度而不是場景產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)肅感。我們可以逐漸看到:
  大量高質(zhì)量的問答、博文及報告幻燈片共享其實正在自發(fā)地形成一本本最新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)教材
  計算機領(lǐng)域里最新的算法很快就會有博文告訴你如何去用并出現(xiàn)一個對應(yīng)的github repo
  這邊剛上傳了一個物種基因組數(shù)據(jù),那邊某課題組集群上的自動化腳本就能生成一份報告email到課題組成員的郵箱里
  微博上傳閱的最新學(xué)習(xí)成果很快就被reddit上的匿名專家進(jìn)行了通俗化解讀與評論并發(fā)現(xiàn)了新現(xiàn)象
  某公司苦苦追尋的最新技術(shù)操作過程竟然在直播平臺被前沿科研人員作為論文發(fā)表的一局部所展示
  某個博士生意外收到某大牛課題組長的報告邀請,只因為他讀了這個學(xué)生的博客,感覺他對某個領(lǐng)域的理解很有特色
  ……
  你可以躲在象牙塔里不知道,但這一切都在發(fā)生,或許它目前不“正式”,但解決科學(xué)問題更應(yīng)該依賴快速的良性公開交流而不是論文被發(fā)表,那終歸只是個起點,現(xiàn)代化的科研方式正在興起。(于淼)
現(xiàn)代科研的興起
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